In 1975, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 3379 declaring Zionism “a form of racism and racial discrimination.” Sixteen years later, the resolution was revoked in the political context surrounding the Madrid Peace Conference. Western politics subsequently behaved as though the argument itself had been buried. It had not. History did not end in 1991, and neither did the political question the resolution raised.
Today, that question has returned under circumstances far more devastating than those of 1975.
Apartheid is no longer a term confined to Palestinian activists or to the margins of political debate. Major international, Palestinian, and Israeli human-rights organisations, UN experts and scholars have documented a system of domination, segregation, dispossession, demographic engineering and unequal rights imposed on Palestinians.
Gaza has taken the argument into even darker territory. Genocide is no longer merely a warning about what could happen, but a conclusion reached by major human-rights organisations, UN experts and genocide scholars.
We therefore need to stop behaving as though the central political task is to prove, for the thousandth time, that Palestinians are subjected to systematic oppression. The evidence has been documented for decades. The more difficult question is what follows from it.
When I wrote about Zionist apartheid in 2013, even the terminology was largely excluded from mainstream Western political discourse. The argument was routinely dismissed before it could even be examined.
Today, the vocabulary has changed dramatically. Words that were once considered beyond the boundaries of respectable debate, apartheid, ethnic cleansing and genocide have moved into mainstream legal, academic and political discussion. But language alone changes nothing.
If we recognise apartheid while refusing to examine the political system that produces it, we have achieved little. If we condemn individual settlements while leaving untouched the ideology that makes settlement and demographic domination politically meaningful, we have avoided the central question. If we condemn individual military operations while refusing to confront the structure within which Palestinian life has been made permanently subordinate, we are describing consequences while protecting causes. That is no longer enough.
READ: UN says Gaza ceasefire has not delivered security, calls for full commitment
If apartheid is structural rather than an accidental deviation from Israeli politics; if dispossession, settlement, demographic engineering, unequal rights and the prevention of Palestinian return are enduring features rather than temporary policies; and if Gaza represents an extreme manifestation of a political order in which Palestinian existence can be subordinated to the maintenance of Zionist Jewish political and demographic supremacy, then the ideology through which that order was established and justified must itself be confronted. That ideology is Zionism.
Zionism is a modern political ideology and movement. Judaism is an ancient religion, culture and tradition stretching back thousands of years. The two cannot simply be collapsed into one another. Jewish religious attachment to Palestine is not Zionism. Jewish historical connection to the land is not Zionism. Jewish residence in Palestine is not Zionism. There are Jewish Zionists, Christian Zionists and secular Zionists, just as there are Jewish people who are non-Zionist and anti-Zionist. Zionism must therefore be examined for what it is: a political project.
The modern Zionist movement contained different ideological currents: socialist, liberal, religious, revisionist and others, and supporters of Zionism understand it in different ways, most commonly as a movement for Jewish national self-determination. But political ideologies are not judged by their self-description. They must be judged by the institutions they build, the relations of power they create and the consequences they produce for those subjected to them. The political question is therefore not what Zionism promises in the abstract, but what Zionism has meant in practice.
Who possesses the right to the land? Who can immigrate from anywhere in the world while people expelled from that same land and their descendants are prevented from returning? Who controls territory, borders and resources? Whose communities can expand and whose homes can be demolished? Whose demographic presence is protected as a political objective and whose demographic presence is discussed as a threat? Who possesses sovereignty, and who lives permanently under the sovereignty of others? These are not theological questions. They are questions of political power, and political power must be judged by its consequences.
This is why the question of racism cannot simply be declared illegitimate. If a political project requires the maintenance of political and demographic predominance for one group while another population is displaced, fragmented, prevented from returning and denied equal political power, then the relationship between that ideology and racism is not an antisemitic question. It is a political question, and it must be confronted politically.
For too long, much of Western politics has avoided that confrontation by reducing the problem to individual Israeli governments. Netanyahu becomes the problem. Ben-Gvir becomes the problem. Smotrich becomes the problem. A settlement becomes the problem. A military operation becomes the problem. An extremist minister becomes the problem. A particular government becomes the problem. Yet every time, the underlying structure survives.
READ: 3 years of Israel’s genocide in Gaza: Women face death, loss, miscarriages
Governments change. Coalitions change. Prime ministers change. The language changes. Yet Palestinian refugees remain unable to return. Settlements continue. Palestinian land continues to be fragmented. Different legal and political regimes continue to determine people’s rights according to identity and location. The fundamental struggle over land, sovereignty and demographic control remains. At some point, blaming only the most extreme administrators of a system becomes a way of avoiding the system itself.
The political challenge is therefore no longer simply to condemn the excesses. It is to confront the structure, and that requires confronting its ideological foundations.
This is why the decision of the Green Party of England and Wales in October 2026 matters. Its members voted by 1,022 to 813 to adopt an explicitly anti-Zionist policy, defining Zionism as an ethnonationalist political project and rejecting the proposition that anti-Zionism should automatically be equated with antisemitism.
Something politically important has happened: a major European political party has crossed a line that mainstream Western politics spent decades insisting could not be crossed. It has moved the discussion from Israeli policy to Zionism itself.
That matters because the argument can no longer credibly end with Netanyahu, the settlements or individual military operations. If the structures are permanent, their ideological foundations have to be examined as well.
Human beings have rights. Political ideologies do not. Every Jewish person has the right to live free from antisemitism, discrimination, dispossession, violence and hatred. Palestinians possess exactly the same human rights.
They have the right to live free from discrimination, dispossession, forced displacement, military domination, ethnic cleansing and genocide. There can be no serious universalism that passionately defends the rights of one people while treating the rights of another as permanently negotiable.
This is where the debate becomes larger than Zionism itself. It becomes a question about political responsibility. For decades, Western governments and political institutions have presented themselves as defenders of international law, human rights and a rules-based international order. Gaza has exposed the limits of those claims with extraordinary brutality. International law means very little if it applies only to enemies. Human rights mean very little if they are defended selectively. And “never again” means very little if it describes only crimes safely located in the past.
The purpose of historical memory cannot simply be to condemn yesterday’s atrocities after their victims have already been destroyed. Its purpose must also be to recognise the structures, language and political choices that make atrocities possible while they are happening. That requires taking sides, not between peoples, but between domination and equality.
READ: Netanyahu threatens more assassinations in Gaza as president warns of internal divisions in Israel
There is a persistent idea in Western politics that refusing to take a position represents moderation. It does not. In situations of profound inequality, neutrality does not stand outside politics. It operates within existing relations of power. When one side possesses the state, the army, the borders, the resources and the ability to determine the rights and movement of another population, refusing to challenge that structure does not create balance. It leaves the structure intact.
There are moments when political ambiguity ceases to be caution and becomes complicity. This is one of them. Future generations will not primarily ask whether politicians used sufficiently careful language, whether institutions protected themselves from controversy or whether commentators maintained an appearance of neutrality. They will ask what people did when the destruction was visible, when the structures of domination were known and when the consequences of decades of dispossession could no longer be denied. They will ask who defended the system, who challenged it and who remained silent.
History has asked these questions before. It is asking them again.
The debate over Zionism is therefore not an academic exercise and it is not merely an argument about terminology. It is a political struggle over whether a system that privileges one people while dispossessing and dominating another can continue to claim legitimacy. No political ideology, whether nationalism, colonialism, religious fundamentalism or Zionism is entitled to protection from judgment simply because questioning it has become politically uncomfortable.
The question before political parties, civil-society organisations, universities and governments is increasingly simple: if you recognise apartheid, if you recognise dispossession, and if you recognise genocide, are you willing to confront the political ideology and structures that made them possible?
Neutrality will not answer that question.
History will.
OPINION: Palestine, football and Europe’s selective conscience
The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Middle East Monitor.
